Explain method overriding versus overloading, including how the rules differ at compile time versus runtime.

Overloading is same name, different parameter lists, resolved by the compiler at compile time based on the static types of the arguments.

Overriding is a subclass providing a new implementation of an inherited method with the same signature, dispatched at runtime based on the object's actual type (dynamic dispatch via the vtable). A classic gotcha: choosing among overloads uses static types, so passing a List reference that actually holds an ArrayList still binds to the List overload.